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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
06:50

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Is birthweight associated with thyroid autoimmunity? A study in twins.

David I W Phillips1, Clive Osmond, Janis Baird

  • 1MRC Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom. diwp@mrc.soton.ac.uk

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|July 5, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetics and early life factors influence thyroid autoimmunity. This study in twins suggests both heritable components and fetal growth restriction contribute to thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) susceptibility.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb) are key markers of autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • While genetic predisposition is recognized, the role of early environmental factors like fetal growth restriction is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contributions of genetic and early environmental factors to thyroid autoimmunity.
  • To assess the prevalence and concordance of TPOAb and TgAb in a UK twin cohort.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based study of monozygous and dizygous twins born in Birmingham, UK (1950-1955).
  • Measurement of TPOAb and TgAb using a sensitive immunoprecipitation assay.
  • Analysis of concordance rates and prevalence based on zygosity and birth size discordance.

Main Results:

  • Higher prevalence of TgAb in monozygous twins compared to dizygous twins.
  • Concordance rates for TPOAb and TgAb were higher in monozygous twins, indicating a significant genetic influence.
  • Smaller twins within discordant monozygous pairs showed a higher prevalence of TPOAb, suggesting an early environmental impact.

Conclusions:

  • Both heritable factors and early environmental influences, such as fetal growth, play a role in susceptibility to thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Findings highlight the complex interplay of genetics and environment in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease.