Hydroxyapatite formation on alkali-treated titanium with different content of Na+ in the surface layer

Titanium can form a bone-like apatite layer on its surface in SBF when it is treated in NaOH. When pre-treated titanium is exposed to SBF, the alkali ions are released from the surface into the surrounding fluid. The Na+ ions increase the degree of supersaturation of the soaking solution with respect to apatite by increasing pH. On the other hand, the released Na+ cause an increase in external alkalinity that triggers an inflammatory response and leads to cell death. Therefore, it would be beneficial to decrease the release of Na+ into the surrounding tissue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hydroxyapatite formation on alkali-treated titanium with different content of Na+ in the surface layer. Using SEM, gravimetric analysis and measurement of calcium and phosphate concentration, it was found that the rate of apatite formation was not significantly influenced by a lower amount of Na+ in the surface layer. Titanium with the lowest content of Na+ could be more suitable for implantation in the human body. The amount of alkali ions released in the surrounding tissue is lower and the rate of apatite formation is identical to titanium with the highest content of Na+ in the surface layer.