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The relationship between gallbladder disease and smoking and drinking habits in middle-aged Japanese
Masako Okamoto1, Zentaro Yamagata, Yasuhisa Takeda
1Department of Health Science, Yamanashi Medical University, Nakakoma-gun, Japan.
Insights
Smoking showed an inverse relationship with gallbladder polyps in men. Alcohol consumption was linked to a lower risk of gallstones, gallbladder polyps, and post-cholecystectomy status in males.
Area of Science:
- Gastroenterology
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Limited research exists on the link between smoking and ultrasonographically diagnosed gallbladder diseases.
- Previous findings on smoking and gallbladder disease are inconclusive.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between smoking and alcohol consumption and gallbladder diseases.
- To clarify the relationship between lifestyle factors and gallbladder health.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional study of 9,947 adults (aged 30-69) in Japan.
- Abdominal ultrasonography, biochemical tests, and questionnaires on smoking and drinking habits were used.
- Comparison between subjects with gallbladder diseases and a control group with normal gallbladders.
Main Results:
- In males, current and ex-smokers had a lower risk of gallbladder polyps.
- Ex-smokers showed a higher risk of post-cholecystectomy state.
- Light and heavy drinkers had a lower risk of gallstones and gallbladder polyps, respectively.
- Current drinkers had a lower risk of post-cholecystectomy state.
Conclusions:
- Cigarette smoking is inversely associated with gallbladder polyps in males.
- Smoking is positively associated with the post-cholecystectomy state in males.
- Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with gallstones, gallbladder polyps, and post-cholecystectomy state in males.
Background:
Few studies have investigated the association between smoking and ultrasonographically diagnosed gallbladder (GB) disease, and their results were uncertain. This study was conducted to examine the association between smoking and drinking and GB diseases.
Methods:
A total of 9,947 subjects (age, 30-69 years; 4,953 men and 4,994 women) voluntarily received a paid medical check-up at our center in Yamanashi Prefecture in Japan. All of the subjects underwent abdominal ultrasonographic (US) examination, a demographic check, and a biochemical test, and answered a self-administered questionnaire asking about smoking habits and alcohol consumption. Of the 9,947 subjects, 483 had gallstones, 819 had gallbladder polyps, and 169 were in a state of postcholecystectomy. We compared the findings in this group with the findings in 8,417 people (4,144 males and 4,273 females) with normal gallbladder.
Results:
Multiple regression analysis among males showed that cigarette smoking was inversely related to GB polyps (odds ratio, [OR], 0.76; 95% confidence internal [CI], 0.59-0.98 and OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.98, respectively, for current and ex-smokers). Ex-smokers a showed positive association with the postcholecystectomy state (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.18-5.52). Light drinkers showed an inverse relation to GB stones (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49-0.99), and heavy drinkers showed an inverse relation to GB polyps (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.90). Current drinkers showed an inverse relation to the postcholecystectomy state (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28-0.83).
Conclusions:
Cigarette smoking was inversely related to gallbladder polyps in males and was positively related to the postcholecystectomy state. Drinking was inversely related to gallstones, GB polyps, and the postcholecystectomy state in males.