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Related Concept Videos

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:29

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
A sequence of 11 enzymatic reactions results in the synthesis of the complete GPI anchor consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic portion. The hydrophobic portion comprises phosphatidylinositol, while the hydrophilic part comprises polar groups like phosphoethanolamine,...
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Helicobacter pylori, a resilient gram-negative bacterium, can thrive in the stomach's harsh, acidic environment. Infection with H. pylori leads to a cascade of events within the stomach lining. One of the critical disruptions caused by this bacterium is the interference with somatostatin production, a hormone responsible for regulating acid secretion. This interference tips the balance, escalating acid secretion and diminishing bicarbonate levels. This imbalance compromises the defensive...
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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane
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The antiquity of RNA-based evolution.

Gerald F Joyce1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. gjoyce@scripps.edu

Nature
|July 12, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Life today uses DNA and proteins, but evidence suggests an earlier "RNA world." In this primordial stage, ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules stored genetic information and catalyzed reactions, predating current life forms.

Area of Science:

  • Origin of life studies
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Current life relies on DNA genomes and protein enzymes.
  • The geological record and known biology point to a unified life form.
  • Hypotheses suggest a precursor to DNA/protein-based life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the scientific basis for a preceding 'RNA world'.
  • To understand the transition from RNA-based to DNA/protein-based life.
  • To investigate the role of RNA in early life.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biochemical and geological evidence.
  • Analysis of RNA's catalytic and informational capabilities.
  • Comparative genomics and evolutionary modeling.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Strong evidence supports a simpler, RNA-centric early life form.
  • RNA likely served as both genetic material and catalyst.
  • This 'RNA world' preceded the evolution of DNA and proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The 'RNA world' hypothesis provides a plausible framework for life's origins.
  • Understanding the RNA world is crucial for comprehending early biological evolution.
  • RNA's dual function highlights its central role in abiogenesis.