Relationships between glucocorticoids and gonadal steroids in rheumatoid arthritis

Gender and sex hormones are strongly related to the incidence and progression of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Although sex steroids have been shown to have direct effects on the immune system, their influence in vivo may be mediated via interactions with third party systems including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Such interactions are well demonstrated in experimental animals. In humans, there is increasing, although indirect, evidence that these interactions also occur. Possible interactions at the cell and gene level, with mutual antagonism or synergy between cortico- and gonadal steroids, open new exciting hypotheses that await clarification.