Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
Published on: May 23, 2014
[HRT in post-menopausal women: endometrial histology and bleeding patterns]
G Lo Dico1, G Alongi, M P Spinelli
1Istituto di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Cattedra di Ginecologia Endocrinologia, Università degli Studi, Palermo, Italy.
Background:
In this open prospective study the correlation between bleeding patterns and endometrial histology has been evaluated in 101 postmenopausal women after 2 years of continuous sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Methods:
All patients received continuous transdermal 17-b-estradiol supplementation, 0.05 mg/daily, with cyclic progestogen for 12 days every month. The progestogen was: dydrogesterone 10 mg/daily (56 cases); nomegestrol 5 mg/daily (15 cases); MAP 10 mg/daily (15 cases); norethisterone 0.25 mg/daily (15 cases). The changes in the characteristics of bleeding pattern and endometrial biopsy were performed in 90 of 101 patients, at the 10-12th of progestogen therapy.
Results:
The endometrial pattern was secretory in 60 cases, proliferative in 5 and atrophic in 22. In 3 cases the endometrial histology showed a simple hyperplasia. The bleeding generally starts 2 days after the end of progestogen therapy (13th +/- 2.9 day), with a mean duration of 4 days (4 +/- 2.8); in 21 patients (~20%) the bleeding is reduced. The endometrial histological characteristics haven't any influence on the bleeding pattern.
Conclusions:
In this study there was a low incidence of simple hyperplasia (3%), but the characteristics of bleeding don't permit to suspect this hyperplasia.
More Related Videos
06:18An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
08:29Measurement of Four Uterine NK Cell Subtypes Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure
Published on: October 25, 2024
Related Concept Videos
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
The Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Menses Phase
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Proliferative Phase
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
Secretory Phase
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
Menopause