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Updated: Aug 5, 2026
Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness
Published on: August 1, 2017
Loewenstein communication scale for the minimally responsive patient
Nurit Borer-Alafi1, Mali Gil, Leon Sazbon
1Loewenstein Hospital-Rehabilitation Center, Israel. ceciliak@clalit.org.il
Primary Objective:
Any sign of communicative ability in patients in vegetative state can provide information about regain of consciousness and conservation of cognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of an instrument designed to measure the degree of communication in minimally responsive patients.
Materials:
The Loewenstein Communication Scale (LCS) measures five hierarchical functions - mobility, respiration, visual responsiveness, auditory comprehension and linguistic skills (verbal or alternative) - which are divided into five parameters and rated in developmental order on a 5-point scale by level of difficulty. Scores for each function are summed to obtain a quantitative communication profile.
Methods:
Forty-two adult patients in vegetative state, as a result of acquired brain injury, were examined with the proposed LCS for the minimally responsive patients by two speech and language clinicians at admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for brain injured patients and, thereafter, at least once weekly. At the end of the ICU stay, 27 patients who showed signs of recovery and were referred for continued rehabilitation were compared to a group of 15 patients who were not referred for continued rehabilitation, for functional and general LCS scores. The predictive power of the LCS in differentiating between these groups was tested.
Results:
The LCS was found to have very good reliability with good inter-rater agreement. Patients who eventually continued rehabilitation had significantly higher total scores as well as in the motor, visual and auditory sub-scales. Logistic regression results indicated that these parameters successfully differentiated between the two groups of patients, even after adjusting for age and for scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale.
Conclusion:
The LCS for the minimally responsive patients proved to be reliable and predictive of rehabilitation progress of minimally responsive patients. It may be useful for the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team in planning early individually targeted therapeutic programmes.
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