Apoptosis-based therapies

John C Reed1

  • 1Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. jreed@burnham.org

Insights

Problems with apoptosis, a programmed cell-suicide process, underlie many diseases. Understanding apoptosis regulation is key to developing new therapies for conditions involving cell accumulation or loss.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a critical biological process.
  • Dysregulation of apoptosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases.
  • Impaired apoptosis can lead to either excessive cell accumulation or unwanted cell loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of apoptosis in disease.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding apoptotic mechanisms for drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of apoptosis research.
  • Analysis of genes and proteins involved in apoptosis regulation.
  • Examination of drug development strategies targeting apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • Defective apoptosis regulation contributes to various medical illnesses.
  • Identification of key apoptotic genes and proteins provides therapeutic targets.
  • Several apoptosis-targeting drugs are currently in clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding apoptosis is crucial for addressing diseases linked to its dysfunction.
  • Targeting apoptotic pathways offers a promising avenue for novel therapeutic interventions.

Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...