Plant phenolic antioxidant and prooxidant activities: phenolics-induced oxidative damage mediated by metals in plants

Plant phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and lignin precursors are important constituents of the human diet. These dietary phytophenolics have been recognized largely as beneficial antioxidants that can scavenge harmful active oxygen species including O(2)(.-), H(2)O(2), .OH, and (1)O(2). Here we review our current understanding of the antioxidant and prooxidant actions of phenolics in plant cells. In plant systems, phytophenolics can act as antioxidants by donating electrons to guaiacol-type peroxidases (GuPXs) for the detoxification of H(2)O(2) produced under stress conditions. As a result of such enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic antioxidant reactions, phenoxyl radicals are formed as the primary oxidized products. Until recently, phenoxyl radicals had been difficult to detect by static electron spin resonance (ESR) because they rapidly change to non-radical products. Application of Zn exerts spin-stabilizing effects on phenoxyl radicals that enables us to analyze the formation and decay kinetics of the radicals. The ESR signals of phenoxyl radicals are eliminated by monodehydroascorbate radical (MDA) reductase, suggesting that phenoxyl radicals, like the ascorbate radical, are enzymatically recycled to parent phenolics. Thus, phenolics in plant cells can form an antioxidant system equivalent to that of ascorbate. In contrast to their antioxidant activity, phytophenolics also have the potential to act as prooxidants under certain conditions. For example, flavonoids and dihydroxycinnamic acids can nick DNA via the production of radicals in the presence of Cu and O(2). Phenoxyl radicals can also initiate lipid peroxidation. Recently, Al, Zn, Ca, Mg and Cd have been found to stimulate phenoxyl radical-induced lipid peroxidation. We discuss the mechanism of phenoxyl radical prooxidant activity in terms of lifetime prolongation by spin-stabilizing agents.