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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

6.0K
A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

2.8K
Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

2.4K
Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Magnetic shape-memory effects in a crystal.

A N Lavrov1, Seiki Komiya, Yoichi Ando

  • 1Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Komae, Tokyo, Japan.

Nature
|July 26, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic fields unexpectedly alter crystal shape and axis orientation in antiferromagnets. This discovery in La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4) reveals novel memory effects in material properties.

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Materials science
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Magnetic fields influence electron and spin behavior in solids.
  • Crystal structure is generally considered unaffected by magnetic fields, especially in low-susceptibility materials like antiferromagnets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of magnetic fields on the crystal structure of antiferromagnetic materials.
  • To explore the relationship between magnetic fields, crystal shape, and material properties like resistivity and magnetic susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Application of magnetic fields to La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4) crystals.
  • Observation and measurement of changes in crystal shape and orientation.
  • Analysis of resistivity and magnetic susceptibility under varying magnetic field conditions.

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Main Results:

  • Observed an unexpected change in crystal shape and swapping of crystal axes upon magnetic field application.
  • Discovered memory effects in resistivity and magnetic susceptibility induced by the magnetic field.
  • The phenomenon was observed in La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4), a well-studied two-dimensional antiferromagnet.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetic fields can significantly impact crystal structure, contrary to previous assumptions.
  • The observed effects suggest a strong coupling between magnetic order and lattice degrees of freedom.
  • This finding opens new avenues for understanding and manipulating materials using magnetic fields.