Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 30, 2026
Detection and Isolation of Cancer in Prostate Biopsies Using Stimulated Raman Histology and Artificial Intelligence
Published on: June 10, 2025
Multicenter evaluation of an artificial neural network to increase the prostate cancer detection rate and reduce
Carsten Stephan1, Henning Cammann, Axel Semjonow
1Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University, D-10098 Berlin, Germany. carsten.stephan@charite.de
Background:
The percentage of free prostate-specific antigen (%fPSA) has been shown to improve specificity for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) over total PSA (tPSA). A multicenter study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of a %fPSA-based artificial neural network (ANN) in men with tPSA concentrations between 2 and 20 microg/L for detecting patients with increased risk of a positive prostate biopsy for cancer.
Methods:
We enrolled 1188 men from six different hospitals with PCa or benign prostates between 1996 and 2001. We used a newly developed ANN with input data of tPSA, %fPSA, patient age, prostate volume, and digital rectal examination (DRE) status to calculate the risk for the presence of PCa within different tPSA ranges (2-4, 4.1-10, 2-10, 10.1-20, and 2-20 microg/L) at the 90% and 95% specificity or sensitivity cutoffs, depending on the tPSA concentration. ROC analysis and cutoff calculations were used to estimate the diagnostic improvement of the ANN compared with %fPSA alone.
Results:
In the low tPSA range (2-4 microg/L), the ANN detected 72% and 65% of cancers at specificities of 90% or 95%, respectively. At 4-10 microg/L tPSA, the ANN detected 90% and 95% of cancers with specificities of 62% and 41%, respectively. Use of the ANN with 2-10 microg/L tPSA enhanced the specificity of %fPSA by 20-22%, thus reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies.
Conclusions:
Enhanced accuracy of PCa detection over that obtained using %fPSA alone can be achieved with a %fPSA-based ANN that also includes clinical information from DRE and prostate volume measurements.
