Interactions between GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones during skeletal growth

Linear growth occurs during development and the childhood years until epiphyseal fusion occurs. This process results from endochondral ossification in the growth plates of long bones and is regulated by systemic hormones and paracrine or autocrine factors. The major regulators of developmental and childhood growth are GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormone. Sex steroids are responsible for the pubertal growth spurt and epiphyseal fusion. This review will consider interactions between GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormone during linear growth. It is well known from physiologic and clinical studies that these hormones interact at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary. Interacting effects on peripheral tissues such as liver are also well understood, but we concentrate here on the epiphyseal growth plate as an important and newly appreciated target organ for convergent hormone action.