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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
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Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Emergency contraception.

David A Grimes1, Elizabeth G Raymond

  • 1Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. dgrimes@fhi.org

Annals of Internal Medicine
|August 6, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emergency contraception, particularly levonorgestrel, is a safe and effective method to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex. It works before pregnancy begins and is well-tolerated, with significant potential to reduce unintended pregnancies.

Keywords:
Genetics and Reproduction

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Emergency contraception (EC) prevents pregnancy post-coitus, distinct from abortion.
  • Common EC methods involve oral contraceptive steroids, with levonorgestrel-only and Yuzpe regimens being primary approaches.

Observation:

  • The levonorgestrel-only regimen demonstrates higher efficacy and better tolerability compared to the Yuzpe regimen.
  • A large trial indicated levonorgestrel prevents approximately 85% of potential pregnancies.

Findings:

  • Hormonal EC has no contraindications and poses no harm if inadvertently taken during early pregnancy.
  • Prophylactic meclizine can mitigate nausea and vomiting associated with the Yuzpe regimen.

Implications:

  • Over-the-counter availability of EC is medically and legally supported, as seen internationally.
  • Increased access to EC could significantly decrease unintended pregnancy and abortion rates in the U.S.