Effect of estrogen deficiency in the male: the ArKO mouse model

Aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens, is present in the mouse gonads, brain, adipose tissue and bone. Depletion of endogenous estrogens in the aromatase deficient mouse (ArKO) caused by the targeted disruption of the Cyp19 gene resulted in an impairment of sexual behaviour and an age-dependent disruption of spermatogenesis. This disruption occurred during early spermiogenesis, due possibly to increased number of apoptotic round spermatids. Development of obesity was associated with ageing, decrease in lean mass, hypercholesterolemia, hyperleptinemia, and insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. However, it was not correlated with hyperphagia but to decreased physically-active behaviour. ArKO mice also developed osteoporosis. Thus, studies using the ArKO mice model has led to several insights into the multiple roles played by estrogens in the development and maintenance of fertility, sexual behaviour, lipid metabolism and bone remodelling.