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Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination01:16

Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination

Alkenes can be obtained from amines via an E2 elimination. The amine is first converted into a good leaving group, such as a quaternary ammonium salt. This is accomplished by treating the amine with an excess of alkyl halide, which results in a halide salt. Next, the halide salt is transformed into a hydroxide salt that functions as a base to enable elimination.
Under thermal conditions, the hydroxide can abstract a proton from the β carbon; this generates an alkene with the simultaneous...
Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation01:27

Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation

Robinson annulation is a base-catalyzed reaction for the synthesis of 2-cyclohexenone derivatives from 1,3-dicarbonyl donors (such as cyclic diketones, β-ketoesters, or β-diketones) and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl acceptors. Named after Sir Robert Robinson, who discovered it, this reaction yields a six-membered ring with three new C–C bonds (two σ bonds and one π bond).

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats
05:05

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

Published on: June 17, 2013

Malthus foiled again and again.

Antony Trewavas1

  • 1Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK. trewavas@ed.ac.uk

Nature
|August 9, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global population growth necessitates increased agricultural efficiency to prevent food shortages. Future agricultural innovations must balance higher yields with environmental preservation for sustainable food security.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Population Dynamics

Background:

  • Historical population increases have historically driven demand for greater agricultural output.
  • The Malthusian theory highlights the potential for population growth to outstrip food production.
  • Twentieth-century scientific advancements in agriculture led to a threefold increase in cereal yields since 1950.

Observation:

  • World population is projected to reach nine billion by mid-century.
  • Current agricultural practices face limitations in meeting escalating food demands sustainably.
  • There is an urgent need for novel approaches to enhance food production.

Findings:

  • Past agricultural innovations have significantly boosted global food supply.
  • The challenge lies in scaling up production without detrimental environmental impacts.
  • Balancing increased yields with biodiversity conservation is critical for future food security.

Implications:

  • Future agricultural strategies must integrate ecological considerations.
  • Sustainable intensification of agriculture is essential to feed a growing global population.
  • Preserving natural habitats alongside food production is paramount for long-term ecological balance.