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Inflammatory status and insulin resistance.

Robert F Grimble1

  • 1Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK. rfg1@soton.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|August 13, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Chronic inflammation, marked by cytokines like TNF-alpha, is linked to insulin resistance in conditions such as obesity and diabetes. This review highlights inflammation as a likely trigger for insulin insensitivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Inflammation is a critical immune response involving key mediators like Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6).
  • These cytokines induce metabolic shifts, including hyperlipidemia and increased gluconeogenesis, to support the immune system.
  • Insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis are interconnected conditions often associated with inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research connecting inflammation with insulin insensitivity.
  • To explore the role of inflammatory mediators in metabolic dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and population studies.
  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms linking inflammation to insulin resistance.

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Main Results:

  • Population studies demonstrate a strong correlation between inflammatory markers and abnormal lipid/carbohydrate metabolism, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), produced by immune cells and adipocytes, is a key factor linking inflammation and insulin sensitivity.
  • TNF-alpha induces insulin insensitivity via stress hormone stimulation, SOCS-3 induction (inhibiting insulin receptor signaling), and PPAR gamma downregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Increased cytokine production and inflammation markers are observed in diseases characterized by insulin insensitivity, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
  • Current evidence suggests that chronic inflammation acts as a trigger for chronic insulin insensitivity, rather than the reverse.