Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Screening for Cervical Cancer: A Recommendation From the Women's Preventive Services Initiative.

Obstetrics and gynecology·2026
Same author

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: Rapid Practice Points From the American College of Physicians.

Annals of internal medicine·2026
Same author

COVID-19 Vaccines for 2025-2026 in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: Rapid Practice Points From the American College of Physicians.

Annals of internal medicine·2026
Same author

Barriers and Facilitators to Screening for Anxiety and Intimate Partner Violence.

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM·2026
Same author

Outpatient Treatment of Confirmed COVID-19 in Symptomatic Adults: Living, Rapid Practice Points From the American College of Physicians (Version 3).

Annals of internal medicine·2026
Same author

Bridging Health Equity, Quality Improvement, and Patient Safety: A Framework for Medical Student Education.

Learning health systems·2026
Same journal

WHO Issues Guidelines for Treating Ebola and Marburg Viruses.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

FDA Approves Additional Naloxone Nasal Spray for Opioid Overdose.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

HIV May Hide in More Cells Than Previously Thought-Here's What That Could Mean for a Cure.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

US Dietary Supplement Use Increasing, Especially in Older Adults.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

Heat Stress From Climate Change Surges Globally.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

Strength Training Linked With Lower Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women.

JAMA·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review.

Heidi D Nelson1, Linda L Humphrey, Peggy Nygren

  • 1Oregon Health and Science University, Mail Code BICC 504, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97201, USA. nelsonh@ohsu.edu

JAMA
|August 21, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) offers benefits like preventing osteoporotic fractures and colorectal cancer. However, it also carries risks including cardiovascular events, stroke, blood clots, breast cancer with prolonged use, and cholecystitis.

More Related Videos

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
08:56

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats

Published on: April 7, 2023

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
07:20

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
08:56

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats

Published on: April 7, 2023

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
07:20

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Oncology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is common in the US.
  • New evidence necessitates re-evaluating HRT's role in preventing chronic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the benefits and harms of HRT for primary prevention.
  • Key outcomes include cardiovascular disease, thromboembolism, osteoporosis, cancer, dementia, and cholecystitis.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review including MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, and Cochrane databases.
  • Inclusion of recent Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) data.
  • Meta-analyses and outcome rate calculations were performed on eligible English-language studies with comparison groups.

Main Results:

  • HRT showed reduced coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and mortality in current users, but this was not consistent across all socioeconomic status-controlled studies.
  • Increased risk of stroke and venous thromboembolism was observed, particularly during the first year of use.
  • Significant protection against osteoporotic fractures and a reduction in colorectal cancer incidence were noted.
  • Increased breast cancer risk with longer duration of use and endometrial cancer risk with unopposed estrogen were identified.
  • HRT use was associated with an increased risk of cholecystitis.
  • Cognitive improvements were seen in menopausal women, but dementia prevention data remain inconclusive.

Conclusions:

  • HRT provides benefits in preventing osteoporotic fractures and colorectal cancer.
  • Potential harms include increased risks of CHD, stroke, thromboembolism, breast cancer (with prolonged use), and cholecystitis.
  • The role of HRT in dementia prevention requires further investigation.