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Related Experiment Videos

Hormesis: the dose-response revolution.

Edward J Calabrese1, Linda A Baldwin

  • 1Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. edwardc@schoolph.umass.edu

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
|August 27, 2002
PubMed
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Hormesis, a low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition phenomenon, offers a new framework for toxicology. Recognizing hormesis can revolutionize study designs and risk assessments for improved safety evaluations.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Biomedical Sciences

Background:

  • Hormesis describes a biphasic dose-response where low doses stimulate and high doses inhibit biological systems.
  • This phenomenon is broadly applicable across various agents, models, and endpoints.
  • Hormesis is currently under-recognized, impacting toxicological research and risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of hormesis in toxicology.
  • To advocate for fundamental changes in toxicological study design and risk assessment methodologies.
  • To promote the integration of hormesis into the evaluation of beneficial and harmful responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on hormesis.
  • Analysis of the implications of hormesis for toxicological principles and practices.

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  • Discussion of necessary adjustments in hazard and risk assessment frameworks.

    • Main Results:

    • Hormesis is a generalizable phenomenon independent of agent, model, or endpoint.
    • The concept of hormesis necessitates re-evaluation of toxicological definitions and assessment processes.
    • Incorporating hormesis can lead to more nuanced risk assessments, including the "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL).

    Conclusions:

    • Fundamental changes in toxicology and risk assessment are required to incorporate hormesis.
    • Revised approaches should include study design, model selection, dose-response analysis, and endpoint measurement.
    • Harmonizing cancer and noncancer risk assessments is a key outcome of embracing hormesis.