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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...
Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
Introduction to Chemical Bonds01:01

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding
10:32

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Published on: January 9, 2014

Hydrogen bonds seal single-molecule capsules.

Jerry L Atwood1, Agnieszka Szumna

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. atwoodj@missouri.edu

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 5, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Tetrakis(benzoxazines) molecular capsules encapsulate tetramethylammonium cations. Chloride anions act as stoppers, sealing the cavity via hydrogen bonds, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Crystal Engineering

Background:

  • Molecular capsules offer unique environments for guest complexation.
  • Controlling guest binding and release is crucial for molecular device applications.
  • Benzoxazine-based systems provide a versatile platform for constructing complex architectures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the encapsulation of tetramethylammonium cations by tetrakis(benzoxazines) molecular capsules.
  • To determine the role of chloride anions in modulating capsule cavity accessibility.
  • To elucidate the structural basis of guest complexation and anion interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Solution-state NMR spectroscopy to study guest-host interactions.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine precise molecular structures.

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  • Computational modeling to support experimental observations (if applicable).

    • Main Results:

    • Tetramethylammonium cation complexation within the capsule cavity was observed in methanol.
    • In chloroform, chloride anions were found to bind to the capsule rim, sealing the cavity.
    • Intramolecular hydrogen bonds involving amide groups play a critical role in stabilizing the capsule structure and guest binding.

    Conclusions:

    • Tetrakis(benzoxazines) form robust molecular capsules capable of selective guest encapsulation.
    • Chloride anions can act as external stoppers, controlling cavity access through hydrogen bonding.
    • The study provides structural insights into anion-templated self-assembly and molecular recognition.