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Related Concept Videos

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution. In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...

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Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability
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Dianionic tetraborates do exist as stable entities.

Andreas Dreuw1, Norbert Zint, Lorenz S Cederbaum

  • 1Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1470, USA. andreas@bastille.cchem.berkeley.edu

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 5, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stable dianionic tetraborates, such as B(4)(CN)(4)(2-) and B(4)(BO)(4)(2-), have been identified in the gas phase. These novel closo-borate structures are electronically stable and predicted to be experimentally observable.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Closo-borates are a class of inorganic compounds with unique cage structures.
  • B(6)H(6)(2-) is the smallest known stable closo-borate in condensed phases.
  • Stable dianionic tetraborates have not been previously observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gas-phase stability of dianionic tetraborates B(4)X(4)(2-) (X = H, CN, NC, or BO).
  • To identify stable isomers and understand their electronic properties.

Main Methods:

  • Ab initio electronic structure calculations.
  • Geometry optimization of dianion structures.
  • Analysis of electronic stability and fragmentation channels.

Main Results:

  • Tetrahedral isomers of B(4)X(4)(2-) are geometrically stable but electronically unstable.
  • New D(2)(d)-symmetric isomers with closed-shell singlet ground states were identified.
  • B(4)(CN)(4)(2-) and B(4)(BO)(4)(2-) were found to be stable gas-phase dianions.
  • Stability is attributed to electron-electron repulsion and aromaticity.

Conclusions:

  • Novel, stable dianionic tetraborates B(4)(CN)(4)(2-) and B(4)(BO)(4)(2-) exist in the gas phase.
  • These findings challenge previous assumptions about the stability of dianionic borates.
  • The identified D(2)(d)-symmetric isomers are promising candidates for experimental observation.