Monte Carlo simulations of voltage-driven translocation of a signal sequence

Transmembrane potentials play important but poorly understood roles in many biological processes, including signal sequence-mediated protein translocation across bacterial membranes. In this study we applied Monte Carlo techniques to simulate the way the potential acts on a signal sequence. The simulations demonstrate that in the absence of a potential the signal sequence prefers insertion in both helical hairpin and transmembrane alpha-helical conformations. However, in the presence of a potential only the transmembrane alpha-helical conformation is the state of lowest energy for the signal sequence. From these results it is concluded that the membrane potential stabilizes the transmembrane orientation of a signal sequence, explaining the membrane potential dependence of preprotein translocation.