Comparison of autopsy, X-ray, and M.R.I. findings following a low speed impact to the shoulder

The objectives of the study was to generate data useful to engineers improving crash test dummies and to physicians in anticipating low speed lateral impact injuries to the shoulder. Constant impact mass, distance and variable speeds were used to generate impact forces. Twelve unembalmed human cadavers were studied within 48 hours of death. Pre-test and Post-test physical, X-Ray, and Magnetic Resonance examinations were completed. X-Ray best identified bone injury, Magnetic Resonance intratendinous and intramuscular pathology and autopsy joint instability. Low speed (3.5-7.0 m/sec) impacts under these testing conditions frequently produce soft tissue and bone injuries. Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joint instabilities were found in 83% of the cadavers. The most frequent bone fractures were in the distal clavicle of 42% and labral or rotator cuff tears in 13% of the cadavers.