Emergency involuntary psychiatric examinations in Florida
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Updated: Sep 29, 2026

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy
Published on: April 11, 2019
Annette McGaha1, Paul G Stiles, John Petrila
1Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental health Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612, USA. mcgaha@fmhi.usf.edu
Abstract:
The authors used statewide data from 2000 on 80,869 examination initiations to determine characteristics of emergency involuntary psychiatric examinations in Florida and the individuals subject to them. Information about the evidence indicated on the initiation forms and the types of professionals who initiated the examinations is presented. These data allow not only description of involuntary examinations and the characteristics of those subject to them for an entire state, but also investigation of the involvement of these individuals with certain services, such as mental health services, and systems, such as the criminal justice system.
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