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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the gastrointestinal...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types01:27

Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types

Conventional oral drug products, termed immediate-release (IR) formulations, are engineered to promptly release their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) upon ingestion, typically in tablets or capsules. This rapid release often results in swift drug absorption and consequent pharmacodynamic effects, although the timing and intensity can vary depending on the drug's properties. Prodrugs within these formulations require metabolic conversion to activate their pharmacodynamic effects,...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction01:23

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction

Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
11:51

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 17, 2010

Drug delivery.

Peter N Le Souëf1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA. plesouef@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

The Medical Journal of Australia
|September 13, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Small spacers and detergent treatment improve medication delivery in children. Using a mouthpiece enhances lung delivery, and doses generally don't need reduction in young patients. Nebulisers are rarely needed for pediatric asthma.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Asthma Management

Background:

  • Preschool children benefit more from small-volume spacers compared to large ones.
  • Detergent is an effective antistatic agent for spacers, boosting lung delivery significantly without rinsing.
  • Mouthpiece use in children aged 2-3 years and older increases lung delivery compared to mask inhalation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on optimizing metered-dose inhaler (MDI) spacer use in pediatric populations.
  • To identify gaps in understanding regarding optimal inhalation techniques and dosing strategies for pediatric spacer use.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for improving inhaled medication delivery in infants and young children with asthma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on spacer devices, antistatic agents, and inhalation techniques in children.

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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

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  • Analysis of factors influencing lung deposition, including spacer volume, mouthpiece vs. mask, and patient age.
  • Evaluation of current dosing guidelines for inhaled corticosteroids and beta(2)-agonists in pediatric populations using spacers.

    • Main Results:

    • Small-volume spacers are more efficient in preschool children.
    • Detergent treatment of spacers increases lung delivery 2-3 fold; it should not be rinsed.
    • Optimal inhalation technique, including breath-holding duration and frequency, requires further research for standardization.

    Conclusions:

    • Current evidence supports the use of small-volume spacers and mouthpiece inhalation for improved drug delivery in children.
    • Further research is needed to establish optimal inhalation techniques and precise dosing adjustments for specific pediatric age groups and medications when using spacers.
    • Nebulizers are generally not required for most children with asthma, with spacers offering a more efficient alternative.