Response of Photochemical Processes of Photosynthesis to Dinitrogen Fixation in Soybean

Symbiotic N2 fixation activity brings about changes in the photochemical processes of photosynthesis in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). For a potential photochemical efficiency ([phi]Po) similar to that obtained with an exclusively mineral nutrition, soybean, at full bloom stage (R2) with a moderate N2 fixation activity, had a better electron transfer quantum yield ([phi]PSII) and a higher photochemical quenching. At the beginning seed stage (R5), corresponding to more intense N2 fixation, the same phenomena were enhanced; in addition, an effect on the photochemical (k2b) and nonphotochemical (Kn-k22) transfer rates and an earlier activation of the electron transfer chain were characterized using a new parameter, the relative induction time of PSII fluorescence (Ap/Fm). The response of the photochemical parameters was related to the N2 fixation level (performance of the host plant-microsymbiont association): the energetic cost of symbiotic N2 fixation appeared to be met by a better photochemical efficiency of photosynthesis coupled with a decrease in thermal dissipation (kn - k22), by faster thylakoid energization, and by faster reopening of photosystem II centers at the time of fluorescence induction, as shown by decreased Ap/Fm.