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Contraception and lactation.

    IPPF Medical Bulletin
    |December 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Lactation offers natural birth control, but pregnancy risk rises with duration. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) may harm milk supply; progestogen-only methods are safer during breastfeeding.

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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Health
    • Maternal and Child Health
    • Family Planning

    Background:

    • Lactation provides significant, yet often overlooked, contraceptive benefits globally.
    • Breastfeeding is crucial for infant nutrition and well-being, but its contraceptive effect diminishes over time.
    • Societal changes are eroding traditional practices of non-cohabitation during lactation, increasing pregnancy risk.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the contraceptive role of lactation and its implications for family planning.
    • To assess the safety and efficacy of various contraceptive methods during the lactational period.
    • To provide guidance on contraceptive choices for breastfeeding women.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on lactation, fertility, and contraceptive methods.
    • Analysis of the impact of different contraceptives on lactation and breast milk.
    • Synthesis of recommendations from health organizations.

    Main Results:

    • Lactation prevents more births than family planning programs but requires supplementary contraception as duration increases.
    • Progestogen-only contraceptives, IUDs, spermicides, mechanical methods, and sterilization do not negatively impact lactation.
    • Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) may adversely affect breast milk quantity and quality, necessitating caution.

    Conclusions:

    • Breastfeeding should be actively promoted due to its health and contraceptive benefits.
    • Combined oral contraceptives should be used with caution, ideally initiated after lactation is established (≥6 months postpartum or post-weaning).
    • Progestogen-only contraceptives are a safer alternative for breastfeeding women when additional contraception is needed.
    Keywords:
    Barrier MethodsBreast FeedingContraceptionContraceptive UsageFamily PlanningHealthInfant NutritionInjectablesIudLactationNutritionOral ContraceptivesSterilization, Sexual

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