Effect of pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility

Genital infections, in both men and women, may cause permanent functional damage to the reproductive tract resulting in infertility. In men, post-infection infertility is uncommon, whereas in women sequelae after pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are the most common cause of acquired infertility. In a prospective cohort study of women who all sought pregnancy after laparoscopically verified acute (non-tuberculous) salpingitis, 141/1309 (10.8%) were infertile because of proven post-PID tubal occlusion. In 448 control women, the corresponding figures were 4/448 (0.9%). Of independent and significant importance for post-PID infertility were the numbers of PID episodes (0/1/2 or= 3: RRs 1.0/7.0/16.2/28.3), and in women with only one PID episode, the severity of infection (mild/moderate/severe; RRs 1/1.8/5.6), delayed care (3 days/3 or more days; RR 1/2.8), use of contraceptives (none/pills/IUDs/other; RRs 1/0.3/0.5/0.8). Similar influences of the same variables were also demonstrated for subfertility, i.e. ectopic pregnancy, and time between index laparoscopy and pregnancy in those women who conceived after PID.