Human-bacteria nitric oxide cycles in HIV-1 infection

The human intestinal tract harbors a complex microbiotic environment containing commensal bacteria and immunocompetent mucosal cells. There is considerable communication between the bacteria and host cells through dietary constituents and metabolic cycles. We propose that in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) triggers a change in a coupled transorganism (human-bacteria) nitric oxide interchange cycle, that may influence the biosynthesis and recycling of nitric oxide (NO) in AIDS patients. Normally, nitric oxide (NO) is produced from arginine through nitrate NO(3)(-), which is ultimately eliminated in the urine and feces. In HIV infection, however, the NO(3)(-) is converted into NO and nitrite NO(2)(-) and recirculated in the body, perhaps as a result of concomitant opportunistic bacterial infections and cellular hypoxia. Due to the efficient coupling of the human-bacteria nitric oxide cycles, persistently high levels of nitrite and the free radicals peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) may occur in AIDS patients, contributing to the etiology of AIDS-related dementia, persistent immunosuppression and Kaposi's sarcoma.