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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
Tongue01:01

Tongue

The human tongue is a fascinating and complex organ, responsible for various essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and taste. It is also subject to various conditions and diseases. In this article, we delve into the anatomy of the tongue, its roles, and some common conditions that can affect it.
Anatomical Position in the Oral Cavity
The tongue is located within the oral cavity, also known as the mouth. It is attached to the floor of the mouth by a fold of mucous membrane called the...
Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

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Published on: March 1, 2015

Speech and swallowing function after reconstruction with a radial forearm free flap or a pectoralis major flap for

Wan-Fu Su1, Shyi-Gen Chen, Hwa Sheng

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi
|October 2, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Radial forearm flap reconstruction significantly improves speech intelligibility after tongue cancer surgery compared to pectoralis major flaps. Both methods have similar impacts on swallowing function in Mandarin speakers.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Speech Pathology
  • Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Tongue function is crucial for English articulation but less so for Mandarin.
  • Surgical impact on Mandarin speech post-tongue reconstruction is understudied.
  • This study compares two tongue reconstruction methods: radial forearm free flap and pectoralis major flap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare the speech and swallowing outcomes of tongue reconstruction using radial forearm free flap versus pectoralis major flap.
  • To assess the impact of these reconstructions on Mandarin articulation.
  • To determine the functional differences between the two flap types in post-glossectomy patients.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five patients with tongue carcinoma underwent tumor resection and reconstruction.
  • Nineteen patients received radial forearm flaps, and six received pectoralis major flaps.
  • Speech intelligibility, Mandarin articulation tests, and swallowing evaluations were performed pre- and post-surgery.

Main Results:

  • Radial forearm flap reconstruction resulted in more intelligible speech, even after total glossectomy (p = 0.014).
  • No significant difference in swallowing function was observed between the two flap groups.
  • Increased flap pliability positively impacted speech intelligibility with minimal effect on swallowing.

Conclusions:

  • Radial forearm flap transfer is superior to pectoralis major flap transfer for preserving speech function after tongue cancer surgery.
  • Both reconstruction methods demonstrate comparable outcomes regarding swallowing function.
  • Flap pliability is a key factor in post-surgical speech intelligibility.