Structural requirements for mutational lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor activation

Different activation mechanisms of glycoprotein hormone receptors, which are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, have been proposed. For example, the large ectodomain of glycoprotein hormone receptors may function as an inverse agonist keeping the transmembrane domain in an inactive conformation. To provide support for this hypothesis, we have generated different lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHR) constructs lacking the ectodomain. Although some ectodomain-deficient LHR constructs were targeted to the cell surface, cAMP levels remained unchanged under basal conditions and agonist application but could be increased by a mutation within the transmembrane domain 6 (D578H). Taking advantage of a constitutive activating mutation (S277N) located in the extracellular domain, we showed that the intact leucine-rich repeat-containing ectodomain is essential for constitutive activation of the LHR by mutation of the hinge region. Our findings support an activation scenario in which agonist binding or mutational alterations expose a structure within the ectodomain, which then activates the transmembrane core.