Glenoid shape in atraumatic posterior instability of the shoulder

Glenoid shape is related closely to shoulder stability and its abnormality is thought to affect the humeral head position in shoulders with atraumatic instability. However, it is unclear how the glenoid shape in shoulders with atraumatic instability is different from the glenoid shape in normal shoulders. The current authors investigated glenoid shape of 45 healthy individuals (20 males and 25 females; average age, 22 years) and 20 patients with atraumatic posterior instability with multidirectional laxity (six males and 14 females; average age, 19 years) using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. The tilting angles of the glenoid bone were measured in five consecutive planes perpendicular to the long axis of the glenoid and cross sections were divided into three types (concave, flat, convex). In healthy individuals, the average tilting angles from the bottom to the top of the glenoid bone were 3.0 degrees +/- 3.6 degrees, 1.0 degrees +/- 3.2 degrees, -1.0 degrees +/- 2.0 degrees, -2.3 degrees +/- 3.9 degrees, and -6.9 degrees +/- 3.7 degrees anteriorly, and tilting angles of patients were -6.1 degrees +/- 4.0 degrees, -4.0 degrees +/- 3.6 degrees, -4.8 degrees +/- 3.2 degrees, -5.5 degrees +/- 2.7 degrees, and -7.5 degrees +/- 3.1 degrees. The type of cross section also was different on the bottom plane where the concave shape accounted for 78% of healthy individuals whereas it accounted for 0% of patients. The loss of tilting angles and concavity of the inferior glenoid would correlate with the direction of the head translation in posterior instability.