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Soil testing to predict phosphorus leaching.

Rory O Maguire1, J Thomas Sims

  • 1Department of Plant and Soil Sci., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 1917-1303, USA. rmaguire@udel.edu

Journal of Environmental Quality
|October 10, 2002
PubMed
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This study found that environmental soil tests better predict phosphorus (P) loss in water leaching from agricultural soils than agronomic tests. Integrating soil P tests with site properties is key for environmental protection.

Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Subsurface phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural soils significantly degrades surface water quality.
  • Effective prediction of P loss is crucial for implementing targeted management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of various agronomic and environmental soil tests in predicting phosphorus (P) leaching from undisturbed agricultural soils.
  • To identify optimal soil testing methods for assessing P loss risk and informing water quality protection efforts.

Main Methods:

  • Intact soil columns from five diverse soil types were subjected to deionized water leaching.
  • Leachate was analyzed for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP).
  • Soil samples were analyzed for water-soluble P (WSP), CaCl2-P, FeO-P, Mehlich-1 P, Mehlich-3 P, Al, and Fe, and the Mehlich-3 P saturation ratio (M3-PSR) was calculated.

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Main Results:

  • Leachate DRP concentrations frequently exceeded eutrophication thresholds.
  • A critical "change point" was identified for all soil tests, beyond which P leaching increased sharply.
  • Environmental soil tests (WSP, CaCl2-P, FeO-P) showed slightly superior prediction of DRP compared to agronomic tests (Mehlich-1 P, Mehlich-3 P, M3-PSR), with M3-PSR performing comparably when outliers were excluded.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental soil tests offer a slightly better prediction of P leaching than traditional agronomic tests.
  • The development of specific Mehlich-3 P and M3-PSR categories is recommended for balancing agricultural productivity and environmental P protection.
  • Accurate assessment of P loss risk requires integrating soil P test results with other site-specific factors and P management practices.