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Related Concept Videos

Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
13:36

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Published on: October 1, 2010

Somatic cell nuclear transfer.

I Wilmut1, N Beaujean, P A de Sousa

  • 1Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK. ian.wilmut@bbsrc.ac.uk

Nature
|October 11, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear transfer cloning from adult somatic cells shows remarkable developmental plasticity. This process can reverse cell differentiation, enabling a nucleus to direct development to term.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Reproductive technologies

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique for creating cloned offspring.
  • Adult somatic cells typically have differentiated chromatin structures.
  • Oocyte cytoplasm possesses factors capable of reprogramming differentiated nuclei.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the developmental plasticity of nuclei from adult somatic cells.
  • To investigate the potential for reversing epigenetic modifications governing differentiation.
  • To confirm the ability of reprogrammed nuclei to support full development to term.

Main Methods:

  • Nuclear transfer of somatic cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes.
  • Culture of reconstructed embryos in vitro.
  • Transfer of viable embryos into surrogate mothers for gestation.

Main Results:

  • Successful development of cloned embryos to term following nuclear transfer.
  • Evidence of reversal of somatic cell differentiation markers.
  • Demonstration of the oocyte's reprogramming capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Cloning via nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells is feasible.
  • Oocyte cytoplasm can reprogram differentiated somatic cell nuclei.
  • Developmental plasticity is a key feature of nuclear reprogramming.