[Ottomane's pharmacies in Istanbul]

In the middle of the XIXth century, we notice that the pharmacies in Istanbul are the same as European pharmacies. The French scientific influency is very important: French language is officially used for the medicines, the instruction at school, in the publications and the business meetings. Until 1890, the owners of pharmacies are generally foreigners or persons of minorities with Ottomane nationality. After this date, pharmacies belonging to Turkish people are more numerous. We notice that military and public hospital pharmacies were quite well organized. There is two imperial pharmacies inside of Topkapï Palace and Yïldïz Palace, created by the Sultan Abdülhamid. The teachers in pharmaceutical science were very famous: Bonkowsi Pacha, Giorgio Della Sudda, Antoine Calleja.