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Radiations in space: risk estimates.

R J M Fry1

  • 1Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37830-8026, USA.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|October 18, 2002
PubMed
Summary
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Estimating space radiation risks is complex due to varied environments and radiation types. Further research is needed to refine cancer induction, dose rate effects, and heavy ion impacts for astronaut safety.

Area of Science:

  • Space radiation biology
  • Astrobiology
  • Radiation protection

Background:

  • Space radiation environments pose unique challenges for risk assessment compared to terrestrial exposures.
  • Key factors include mission duration, solar cycle, solar particle events (SPEs), and spacecraft shielding.
  • Low-Earth orbit missions add altitude and orbital inclination to these considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the complexities of space radiation risk estimation.
  • To identify critical data gaps for improving astronaut radiation safety.
  • To emphasize the need for acceptable risk level consensus.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes existing data from terrestrial radiation exposure (gamma and X-rays) and atomic bomb survivors.
  • Adjusts doses of protons, heavy ions, and neutrons using relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to derive equivalent doses.

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  • Relies on experimental data for RBE values and dose rate adjustment factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Space radiation risk estimation is challenging due to numerous variables and uncertainties.
    • Dose rates are generally low, except during intense solar particle events (SPEs).
    • Current risk models are based on limited understanding of specific space radiation qualities and their biological effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant uncertainties exist in space radiation risk assessments.
    • Further research is crucial on cancer induction by protons, heavy ions, and neutrons.
    • Understanding dose rate effects and heavy ion impacts on the central nervous system is vital for astronaut health.