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Updated: Sep 28, 2026

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoprobes for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Detection
Published on: February 16, 2020
[Clinical symptomatology, diagnostics, and treatment in patients with tuberculous meningoencephalitis]
Thomas Els1, Annerose Serr, Joachim Klisch
1Klinik für Neurologie und klinische Neurophysiologie, Universität Freiburg, Germany. els@nz.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
Background:
Tuberculous meningoencephalitis (TBM) is still associated with a high mortality. The relative rareness of TBM in Western European countries and the accompanying heterogeneous and unspecific clinical symptoms often result in a delayed diagnosis.
Patients And Methods:
We present six HIV-negative patients (age 37-72 years) with a laboratory-confirmed or clinically probable diagnosis of TBM. The diagnosis could be confirmed in three patients by culture of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in one patient by positive tracheal aspirate culture. In the cases with probable TBM, the diagnosis was confirmed by the combination of clinical symptoms, CSF analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Discussion:
The diagnostic and therapeutic problems in TBM are discussed. Moreover, the neurologic complications are presented which developed in all patients during the clinical course despite immediate antituberculous therapy.
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