Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bladder cancer: a personal view

The cytogenetic and molecular genetic aspects that may be involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer are presented. Although anomalies of chromosome 9 may play an initial causative role in this cancer, the subsequent events, involving a succession of genetic changes, are less established or understood. This presentation is a distillation of what generally are considered to be the cytogenetic and molecular genetic events that constitute the array of changes underlying bladder cancer.