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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria
Published on: July 20, 2017
The reproductive behavior of Aequidens paraguayensis (Pisces, Cichlidae)
Abstract:
The reproductive behaviour of aquarium-held Aequidens paraguayensis is described, with emphasis on a quantitative comparison of female-male parental roles. It is a biparental species. Eggs, laid on leaf litter, are guarded and aerated for about 32 hours (25--27 degrees C) and newly-hatched young are orally brooded for several days. Both sexes performed all parental activities; female-female did more fanning and mouthing of eggs, male-male more oral churning of young initially. The combination of substrate and oral brooding of young by both parents is rare among New World cichlids and is of interest for the study of the evolution of parental behaviour in fishes.
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Testing a Claim about Population Proportion
There are two methods of testing a claim about a population proportion: (1) Using the sample proportion from the data where a binomial distribution is approximated to the normal distribution and (2) Using the binomial probabilities calculated from the data.
The first method uses normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The requirements are as follows: sample size is large...

