Tissue-type plasminogen activator is a multiligand cross-beta structure receptor

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) regulates fibrin clot lysis by stimulating the conversion of plasminogen into the active protease plasmin. Fibrin is required for efficient tPA-mediated plasmin generation and thereby stimulates its own proteolysis. Several fibrin regions can bind to tPA, but the structural basis for this interaction is unknown. Amyloid beta (Abeta) is a peptide aggregate that is associated with neurotoxicity in brains afflicted with Alzheimer's disease. Like fibrin, it stimulates tPA-mediated plasmin formation. Intermolecular stacking of peptide backbones in beta sheet conformation underlies cross-beta structure in amyloid peptides. We show here that fibrin-derived peptides adopt cross-beta structure and form amyloid fibers. This correlates with tPA binding and stimulation of tPA-mediated plasminogen activation. Prototype amyloid peptides, including Abeta and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) (associated with pancreatic beta cell toxicity in type II diabetes), have no sequence similarity to the fibrin peptides but also bind to tPA and can substitute for fibrin in plasminogen activation by tPA. Moreover, the induction of cross-beta structure in an otherwise globular protein (endostatin) endows it with tPA-activating potential. Our results classify tPA as a multiligand receptor and show that cross-beta structure is the common denominator in tPA binding ligands.