Effects of prenatal stress on stress-induced changes in behavior and macrophage activity of mice

The present study analyzed the effects of maternal stress on behavior and macrophage activity of mice. Pregnant mice received a daily footshock (0.2 mA) from gestational days 15 (GD15) to 19. Experiments were performed on male offspring, challenged or not with another footshock (0.2 mA) on postnatal day 30 (PND30) or 60. The following results were obtained for maternal stress: (1) increment in locomotor activity of juvenile but not of adult mice observed in both open-field and plus-maze; (2) increment in rearing frequency of juvenile but not of adult mice observed in the open-field; (3) decrement in macrophage spreading of adult but not of juvenile mice; (4) abolishment of postnatal footshock effects in both macrophage spreading on PND30 and macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production on PND60; (5) reversion of postnatal footshock effects on H(2)O(2) spontaneous and PMA-induced release by macrophage on PND30; (6) modification of postnatal stress effects on macrophage phagocytosis on PND60. These changes were unrelated to differences in gestational parameters and did not reflect altered maternal-pup interactions or nutritional factors. The observed data provide experimental evidence that maternal stress alters behavior, and macrophage activity at the same time and in the same litter. These data were discussed in the light of possible neuroimmune interactions that involve catecholaminergic pathways.