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Updated: Sep 28, 2026

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring
Published on: January 20, 2023
Field assessment of outcrossing from transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants
Patricia L Polowic1, Albert Vandenberg, John D Mahon
1Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Patricia.Polowick@nrc.ca
Abstract:
The frequency of outcrossing from a transgenic line of peas into three cultivars ('Carneval', 'Montana', 'Tipu') was studied in the field in 1997 and 1999. Two dominant traits, normal leaf form and a highly-expressed beta-glucuronidase (gusA) gene, were used as markers of pollen transfer. Because of heterogeneity in the commercial seed sources, leaf form alone was unreliable for assessing pollen migration into 'trap' plants. Of approximately 9000 offspring tested, only five plants scored positive for the presence of both markers. All five were located in 'trap' plots situated near the transgenic line. This represents a mean outcrossing rate of 0.07%.
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Test Cross
Monohybrid Crosses
Dihybrid Crosses
Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology