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Blood lead levels and mortality.

Mark Lustberg1, Ellen Silbergeld

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. mlustber@umaryland.edu

Archives of Internal Medicine
|November 20, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) are linked to increased mortality. Individuals with BLLs of 20-29 µg/dL faced higher risks of death from all causes, circulatory issues, and cancer, underscoring the need for lead exposure reduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Lead exposure remains a public health concern despite past declines in blood lead levels.
  • Studies indicate a link between lead exposure and various adverse health outcomes.
  • Limited research exists on the association between lead exposure and mortality in the general population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between blood lead levels and mortality in the U.S. general population.
  • To analyze mortality follow-up data in relation to baseline blood lead concentrations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), 1976-1980.
  • Included 4,292 participants aged 30-74 years with blood lead measurements.

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  • Followed participants through December 31, 1992, for mortality outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • Individuals with blood lead levels of 20-29 µg/dL showed a 46% increase in all-cause mortality (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.14-1.86).
    • Significant increases were observed in circulatory (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01-1.91) and cancer mortality (RR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.02-2.78).
    • A non-significant intermediate increase in all-cause mortality was noted for levels of 10-19 µg/dL (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.90-1.52).

    Conclusions:

    • Blood lead levels of 20-29 µg/dL in 1976-1980 were associated with significantly increased mortality from 1976-1992.
    • These levels affected 15% of the U.S. population at the time.
    • Urgent efforts are recommended to reduce lead exposure, particularly for the 1.7 million Americans with BLLs ≥ 20 µg/dL.