Antihepatitis B response to hepatitis B vaccine administered simultaneously with tetanus toxoid in nonresponder

Emine Sönmez1, Ali Suha Sönmez, Yaşar Bayindir

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Kadir Has University, Vefabey Sokak No 5, 80 810 Gayrettepe, Istanbul, Turkey. suhas@anet.net.tr

Vaccine
|November 27, 2002
PubMed

Related Concept Videos

Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...