Anode glow discharge plasma treatment enhances calcium phosphate adsorption onto titanium plates

Glow discharge plasma (GDP) supplied to a cathode (GDP-) has been applied for cleaning, surface activating, and sterilizing biomaterials, because the kinetic energy in the case of the GDP- is larger than that supplied to the anode (GDP+). However, no comparison between GDP+ and GDP- has been reported. In this study, a titanium surface pre-treated with GDP+ and GDP- was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the wettability of the titanium surface was measured with and without GDP. Furthermore, XPS characterized the adsorption of inorganic ions on titanium surfaces with and without GDP and immersed in an electrolyte solution. The findings suggested that GDP+ enhances calcium phosphate nucleation, due to the accumulation of electrons. In addition, calcium phosphate was not nucleated on the specimen with GDP-. We conclude that GDP+ is more suitable for biomineralization on titanium.