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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes
11:02

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 7, 2014

Effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart.

Bernadette Biondi1, Emiliano A Palmieri, Gaetano Lombardi

  • 1Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples Federico II School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy. bebiondi@libero.it

Annals of Internal Medicine
|December 3, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts heart function and increases cardiovascular risk. Early treatment is recommended to prevent adverse cardiac events associated with these thyroid changes.

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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Subclinical thyroid dysfunction presents significant clinical effects and prognostic implications.
  • Evidence suggests it's more than a compensated biochemical change.
  • Its impact on the cardiovascular system warrants thorough investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing clinical information on the cardiac effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction.
  • To synthesize data on subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism's impact on the heart.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search including MEDLINE and reference lists (1970-2001).
  • Inclusion of reports on human cardiovascular effects of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
  • Independent assessment and summarization of data on cardiac structure, performance, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease risk.

Main Results:

  • Subclinical hypothyroidism linked to impaired diastolic function, reduced exercise capacity, and increased atherosclerosis/myocardial infarction risk.
  • Subclinical hyperthyroidism associated with elevated heart rate, atrial arrhythmias, increased left ventricular mass, and higher cardiovascular death risk.
  • Cardiovascular abnormalities reversed with euthyroidism or mitigated by beta-blockade/thyroxine dose adjustment.

Conclusions:

  • The heart demonstrably responds to subtle, persistent changes in thyroid hormones.
  • Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is not merely a compensated state and requires consideration for treatment.
  • Timely intervention is crucial to mitigate potentially adverse cardiovascular outcomes.