Squalane is in the midplane of the lipid bilayer: implications for its function as a proton permeability barrier

A recently proposed model for proton leakage across biological membranes [Prog. Lipid Res. 40 (2001) 299] suggested that hydrocarbons specifically in the center of the lipid bilayer inhibit proton leaks. Since cellular membranes maintain a proton electrochemical gradient as a principal energy transducer, proton leakage unproductively consumes cellular energy. Hydrocarbons in the bilayer are widespread in membranes that sustain such gradients. The alkaliphiles are unique in that they contain up to 40 mol% isoprenes in their membranes including 10-11 mol% squalene [J. Bacteriol. 168 (1986) 334]. Squalene is a polyisoprene hydrocarbon without polar groups. Localizing hydrocarbons in lipid bilayers has not been trivial. A myriad of physical methods including fluorescence spectroscopy, electron-spin resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance as well as X-ray and neutron diffraction have been used to explore this question with various degrees of success and often contradictory results. Seeking unambiguous evidence for the localization of squalene in membranes or lipid bilayers, we employed neutron diffraction. We incorporated 10 mol% perdeuterated or protonated squalane, an isosteric analogue of squalene, into stacked bilayers of dioleoyl phosphatidyl choline (DOPC) doped with dioleoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG) to simulate the negative charges found on natural membranes. The neutron diffraction data clearly show that the squalane lies predominantly in the bilayer center, parallel to the plane of the membrane.