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Updated: Jan 20, 2026
Isolation and Culture of Resident Cardiac Macrophages from the Murine Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Node
Published on: May 7, 2021
Demonstration of a left atrial input to the atrioventricular node in humans
Mario D Gonzalez1, Leonardo J Contreras, Francisco Cardona
1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, USA. gonzamd@medicine.ufl.edu
Background:
During right atrial stimulation, the anterior and posterior approaches provide inputs to the atrioventricular (AV) node. The purpose of the present study was to determine how activation proceeding from the left atrium reaches the AV node.
Methods And Results:
We studied AV nodal conduction during right and left atrial (coronary sinus) stimulation in 46 patients (27 women and 19 men; mean age, 46+/-4 years) who had structurally normal hearts. At an identical cycle length (600 ms), left atrial stimulation resulted in shorter A-H intervals than right atrial stimulation (73+/-3 ms versus 99+/-3 ms; P<0.05). In addition, atrial electrograms recorded close to the His bundle changed from near to far field potentials when stimulation was shifted to the left atrium. The A-H interval prolonged as the site of pacing was progressively moved from the distal to the proximal coronary sinus. During constant pacing from the distal coronary sinus, atrial activation close to the His bundle could be advanced by late extrastimuli delivered at the anterior and posterior approaches (up to 11+/-2 ms and 9+/-1 ms, respectively), without altering His bundle activation time. In contrast, late extrastimuli delivered at the inferoparaseptal mitral annulus advanced both the A and H electrograms in 19 of 20 patients, which is consistent with a left-sided input to the AV node. Right and left atrial stimulation resulted in similar AV nodal function.
Conclusion:
The mitral annulus provides a left atrial input to the human AV node.
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