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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Published on: June 9, 2010

Pore relations: nuclear pore complexes and nucleocytoplasmic exchange.

M P Rout1, J D Aitchison

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA. rout@rockvax.rockefeller.edu

Essays in Biochemistry
|December 11, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm via nucleoporins (NUPs). Research is emerging on NPC function, assembly, and transport regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are essential channels for nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  • NPCs are large, symmetric structures composed of numerous nucleoporins (NUPs).
  • NUPs interact with transport factors, mediating cargo movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of NPC-mediated transport.
  • To investigate NPC assembly processes.
  • To understand the role of NPCs in regulating transport.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of NUP structure and interactions.
  • Study of transport factor dynamics.
  • Investigating the role of Ran GTPase in transport directionality.

Main Results:

  • NPCs facilitate bidirectional transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Specific NUPs act as docking sites for transport factors.
  • Transport directionality is governed by transport factors, Ran, and NUP interactions.

Conclusions:

  • NPCs are critical for nucleocytoplasmic exchange.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand NPC assembly and transport regulation.