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Sacrificing one to save many.

M Clark1

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2D, UK.

Journal of Applied Philosophy
|January 1, 1995
PubMed
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Moral philosophy struggles with ethical dilemmas like the Trolley Problem. This study explains intuitions using liability principles and argues for nuanced analysis of intermediate cases, refining moral judgments.

Area of Science:

  • Moral Philosophy
  • Ethical Decision-Making
  • Applied Ethics

Background:

  • Single principles fail to resolve complex ethical dilemmas such as the Trolley Problem.
  • Intuitions in cases like the Transplant scenario lack grounding in rational contractor theories.
  • Existing frameworks struggle to accommodate the spectrum of ethical dilemmas between extreme cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a principle-based explanation for moral intuitions in ethical dilemmas.
  • To analyze the Trolley Problem and Transplant scenarios using the principle of initial liability.
  • To develop a framework for evaluating intermediate ethical cases by comparing them to established paradigms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of moral intuitions through thought experiments (Trolley Problem, Transplant scenario).
Keywords:
Analytical ApproachDeath and EuthanasiaPhilosophical Approach

Related Experiment Videos

  • Application of the initial liability principle ('loss lies where it falls').
  • Comparative analysis of ethical cases, distinguishing morally relevant from irrelevant differences.

    • Main Results:

    • The initial liability principle explains intuitions in the Transplant scenario, where loss is not shifted without sufficient reason.
    • The Trolley Problem's intuition is linked to the principle of minimizing harm in situations with clear choices between saving more or fewer lives.
    • A method for handling intermediate ethical cases is proposed, involving assimilation to paradigms and sensitivity to moral nuances.

    Conclusions:

    • Moral intuitions in ethical dilemmas are best explained by a combination of principles, not a single one.
    • The initial liability principle and harm minimization principle are crucial for understanding core ethical intuitions.
    • A nuanced, case-by-case approach, sensitive to moral distinctions, is necessary for refining ethical judgments in complex situations.