Syndrome X and diabetes: what is the mystery?

Syndrome X describes a combination of clinical phenomena that have been statistically linked to hyperinsulinema in the absence of frank diabetes. Since its original description, Syndrome X has come to represent several phenotypes that have hemodynamic and metabolic effects on the individual, as well as major effects on the development of vascular disease. Further, this syndrome is reaching epidemic proportions, As such, a thorough understanding of this condition is becoming increasingly important for the modern vascular surgeon. The mainstay of therapy revolves around early diagnosis and management with diet changes, exercise, and reduction of cardiovascular risk factors.